The Enlightenment and Its Social and Ideological Consequences Worldwide Essay Example for Free

The Enlightenment and Its Social and Ideological Consequences Worldwide Essay The Enlightenment in Europe, roughly from 1600 to the French Revolution in 1789, was an era that stressed, most of all, the rationalistic basis of science, and its application to all element of life. This essay argues that much of this rhetoric, such as from Bacon or Kant, is a mystification, and that the basic structure of the Enlightenment was about the rationalization of power and domination. This paper will begin its discussion on the Enlightenment with Immanuel Kant’s â€Å"What is Enlightenment? † move to the critique of this view from Adorno and Horkheimer, and see the more empirical approach of the Enlightenment worldwide through an analysis of some recent works on colonialism and the post-colonial ideology. Immanuel Kant wrote a very short piece on â€Å"What is Enlightenment? † in 1784. It is the chief work in this mystification. This is a piece that is easily accessible for the laymen–rare for Kant–and lays out the basic concepts of Enlightenment in the â€Å"freeing† of the mind from the shackles of tradition and religion. Kant holds that such shackles are created by the self from the motivation of laziness or complacency. It is easier to accept conventional truths than to struggle to find one’s own. Kant then holds that moral virtue, particularly courage, is necessary for true Enlightenment, since that courage is needed to go against received opinion. The truly enlightened individual needs to think for himself, develop their own conclusions, and hence, take nothing from authority. This movement is little more than a move from immaturity to adulthood; from the infantile life of the middle ages to the adult life of modern times. The formal properties of this motion is the release of the understanding from the prison of authority and received opinion. Hence, from this view of Kant, the Enlightenment and its scientific consequences have been associated with the rhetoric of liberation. The Enlightenment defines itself in the negative terms of the destruction of feudal relations based on religion and received opinion. The positive side (derive largely from Bacon and Descartes) is based on the concept that the release of the understanding can be done through the rigorous application of scientific methods to all areas of life, reaching an era of complete and true knowledge based on rational methods and principles. Hence, from Kant, science and its resultant technology is seen as liberation, and the creation of a new, utopian social order based on mechanization of all labor and the love of knowledge deriving from true principles. This rhetoric still dominates discourses about the Enlightenment and its negation of the â€Å"barbaric middle ages. † II. Adorno and Horkheimer on the Dialectics of Enlightenment It does not take long to get from Kant to Nietzsche. In fact, the amoral world of the infamous German is a mere brief step from the hyper individualism of Kant and his followers. Nietzsche took the Baconian dictum seriously that knowledge is power and of course, power is domination. The Kantian mystification of the Enlightenment had been exposed for generations in European letters from the conservative reaction against modern science to the leftist agitation of the above authors. In their 1944 work, Adorno and Horkheimer seek to eliminate the mystification that Kant had ushered in as the basic sense of Enlightenment self-definition. Their argument is a complex one, but it can easily be taken apart into eight specific movements or moments. 1. The Enlightenment, with its stress on science and hence technology, has not led to liberation, but to a hyper-centralization of power and technical authority. The knowledge necessary for specialized science and its administration are, by definition, available only to a few specialists. This means that Enlightenment individualism has led to a Nietzschian stress on the will to power of science. This will to power has resolved itself into a fetishization with central power and authority, and an esoteric sense of science as the new priesthood, available only to a few specialist and the moneyed powers who finance them. 2. This centralization of power and the domination of a scientific and technocratic elite has led to the creation of a uniform ideology: a sense of the power of science and the moneyed powers who control them. The issue here is that the scientific ideology is the only one, and that all problems can be solved by the judicious application of the scientific method, only if they receive enough money and power to do it. Science, at first a limited method of solving problem, has resolved itself into the domination of materialism and the creation of a scientific establishment, a set of institutions that identifies itself with â€Å"science† proper. In other words, the scientific establishment has taken the name of science and pinned it to themselves. 3. The domination of science and enlightenment capital relations has led to new forms of scientific consciousness like sociology, which has led to the standardization of society, and this standardization of social life has taken the form of labeling consumers. Creating consuming pockets of people who are seen not as people but as machines that buy the products that the capitalist technocracy has created. Citizenship has been replaced by consumption and being a part of the great chain of capitalist relations. 4. Even more than this, not only has political and economic power been tightly centralized, but even the very ideas of the population and their perceptions of the world are created and maintained by the â€Å"culture industry† that complex of capital and modern science that has sought to entertain the masses for profit, but have also replaced their own perceptions with that of the â€Å"cultural elite. † From the individualism of Kant, science and Enlightenment has created a new kind of human being: the slave that does not know he’s a slave. The entertainment industry that is so often a target of both left and right has taken upon itself, in the name of both profit and Enlightenment, to recreate the very perceptual matrix of the population as a whole. Replacing actual perception with their own, and hence, dictating music, dress, even cuisine according to its taste, quickly adopted by the masses who think they are thinking for themselves. 5. The movies, as well as the mass production entertainment industry of the technocracy, has recreated the person according to its own will. Reality itself is the creation of the â€Å"illusion industry† and has destroyed the last vestiges of individuality. Kant is exposed as a naive writer at best. 6. The creation of genre is part of the cultural domination of the technocracy. Genre is a pseudo-intellectual method of both standardizing production, but more importantly, the standardization of consumer taste. Genre is the destruction of culture for this reason. 7. This destruction of culture by forcing it into the standardization of genre means that art has been taken from the realm of the individual or the culture and placed into the realm of the machine: the culture machine that seeks to standardize art so as to make it amenable to scientifically planned consumption and production. Art is merely another commodity. 8. Finally, the culture itself becomes a single, commodified and standardized reality: the creation of the scientific technique as applied to film, entertainment and art. What has begun as a drive to liberate consciousness and the intellect has led to a scientific dystopia of enslavement to a series of media illusions, themselves based around profit and a centralized technocratic apparatus that has stamped out all free thought and has even commodified dissent from its own order.

Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary): The True Story Essay -- Mary Tudor, Bloody M

â€Å"She was a king’s daughter, she was a king’s sister, she was a king’s wife, she was a queen, and by the same title a king also† # Mary Tudor was an influential women of her time period. Many in modern society know her for her particularly bad reputation as Bloody Mary, however they do not realize the contributions she made, or her influence on history . The story behind Mary’s reputation gives insight as to her true accomplishments as England’s first queen. When Mary Tudor was born on February 18, 1516, she was the only child that King Henry VIII and his wife Catherine of Aragon had successfully conceived together. She was widely celebrated and raised well in the kingdom. She was well-educated and privileged. However, her father wanted a male heir to inherit his throne and Mary’s mother couldn’t produce an heir. King Henry tried to divorce Katherine, but the Catholic church was not granting his request due to their relation to the queen. He went to a Protestant church and received the divorce he wanted from Mary’s mother in 1533. This divorce caused Mary to hate the Protestant religion, she did not even accept the fact her parents were divorced. Mary’s father got remarried to a women named Anne Boleyn and was excommunicated from the Catholic Church. Anne also became pregnant and had a baby girl named Elizabeth that Mary had to take care of. In 1534, the Act of Supremacy was passed, and Mary was no longer considered an heir to the throne. However two years later Mary’s father had married a new wife named Jane Seymore. Jane wanted King Henry VIII to reunite with his children. Mary did reconcile with her father and was chosen to be the godmother of Jane’s newborn son Edward. This reconciliation with her father put her next in ... ...ary was a Queen that ruled with an intellect many did not believe women were capable of. She worked hard and kept the throne and reached her goal of starting to restore the Catholic faith. Though Mary had a tragic life she was a great Queen who kept her country in mind and worked closely with the government to keep it safe. Without Mary’s reign the English monarchy may be completely different than what it is today. Works Cited Eakins, Lara E. "Mary I." TudorHistory.org. 7 Sept. 2007. Web. 17 Mar. 2011. http://www.tudorhistory.org/mary/. N.A. "Mary Tudor - Bloody Mary." ELIZABETHAN ERA. Web. 17 Mar. 2011. http://www.elizabethan-era.org.uk/mary-tudor-bloody-mary.htm. Whitelock, Anna. Mary Tudor: Princess, Bastard, Queen. New York: Random House, 2009. Print. "Wyatt's Rebellion." Encyclopedia of World History. New York: Facts On File, 2000. 263. Print.

Biometrics

Biometrics are automated methods of recognizing a person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic. Among the features measured are face, fingerprints, hand geometry, handwriting, iris, retinal, vein, and voice. Biometric data are separate and distinct from personal information. Biometric templates cannot be reverse- engineered to recreate personal information and they cannot be stolen and used to access personal information. Using a unique, physical attribute of your body, such as your fingerprint or iris, to effortlessly identify and verify that you are who you claim to e, is the best and easiest solution in the market today.That is the simple truth and power of Biometrics Technology today. Although biometric technology has been around for many years, modern advances in this emerging technology, coupled with big reductions in cost, now make biometrics readily available and affordable to consumers, small business owner, larger corporations and public sector agencies alik e. How Does a Fingerprint Optical Scanner Work? A fingerprint scanner system has two basic Jobs it needs to get an image of your inger, and it needs to determine whether the pattern of ridges and valleys in this image matches the pattern of ridges and valleys in pre-scanned images.Only specific characteristics, which are unique to every fingerprint, are filtered and saved as an encrypted biometric key or mathematical representation. No image of a fingerprint is ever saved, only a series of numbers (a binary code), which is used for verification. The algorithm cannot be reconverted to an image, so no one can duplicate your fingerprints. Employees Privacy and Cleanliness Concerns? It is important to note that Easy Clockings biometric time clocks do not actually collect and store fingerprints.Instead, it saves a mathematical representation of the employee's biometric data. When the biometric time clock scans a hand or finger during a supervised enrollment process, only an encrypted mat hematical representation of the fingerprint is stored. As a result, it's virtually impossible to duplicate the original image from that mathematical representation. Additionally, if employees question cleanliness, this concern should not be dismissed. Instead, you should assure employees that the time clocks finger zone is not a hot zone for germs.In fact, it will be touched far less frequently than restroom door handles, water cooler spigots, or chairs in the break room. Top Advantages of Fingerprint Authentication There are several ways an electronic time clock system can verity that somebody is who they say they are. Most systems are looking for one or more of the following: What you have What you know Who you are To get past a â€Å"what you have† system, you need some sort of â€Å"token,† such as an dentity card with a magnetic strip.A â€Å"what you know† system requires you to enter a password or PIN number. A â€Å"who you are† system is actually looking for physical evidence that you are who you say you are a specific fingerprint pattern. â€Å"Who you are† systems like Easy Clocking Fingerprint Time Clocks have a number of advantages over other systems. To name few: Fingerprints are much harder to fake than identity cards. You cant guess a fingerprint pattern like you can guess a password. You can't misplace your fingerprint, like you can misplace an access card. You can't forget your fingerprints like you can forget a password. Conclusion on Biometric & Workforce Management Biometrics has been used effectively for more than a decade for time and attendance and workforce management. Despite widespread use, confusion and misconceptions about the technology and its capabilities persist.These concerns are easily dispelled when the facts about biometrics are established. Biometrics offers unparalleled ability to quickly and accurately capture real-time, labor data and provide a nonrepudiated audit trail. Biometrics has undergone intense scrutiny and the results are in – when properly deployed, biometrics work well and are safe, secure, and accurate. Biometrics offers organizations a broader range of direct and indirect time, cost, and operational benefits than alternative time and attendance methods. Today over one hundred thousand thriving organizations rely on Easy Clockings time & attendance systems to automate their employee attendance and as a result they are seeing a significant reduction in direct and indirect labor costs. Biometrics Biometrics are automated methods of recognizing a person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic. Among the features measured are face, fingerprints, hand geometry, handwriting, iris, retinal, vein, and voice. Biometric data are separate and distinct from personal information. Biometric templates cannot be reverse- engineered to recreate personal information and they cannot be stolen and used to access personal information. Using a unique, physical attribute of your body, such as your fingerprint or iris, to effortlessly identify and verify that you are who you claim to e, is the best and easiest solution in the market today.That is the simple truth and power of Biometrics Technology today. Although biometric technology has been around for many years, modern advances in this emerging technology, coupled with big reductions in cost, now make biometrics readily available and affordable to consumers, small business owner, larger corporations and public sector agencies alik e. How Does a Fingerprint Optical Scanner Work? A fingerprint scanner system has two basic Jobs it needs to get an image of your inger, and it needs to determine whether the pattern of ridges and valleys in this image matches the pattern of ridges and valleys in pre-scanned images.Only specific characteristics, which are unique to every fingerprint, are filtered and saved as an encrypted biometric key or mathematical representation. No image of a fingerprint is ever saved, only a series of numbers (a binary code), which is used for verification. The algorithm cannot be reconverted to an image, so no one can duplicate your fingerprints. Employees Privacy and Cleanliness Concerns? It is important to note that Easy Clockings biometric time clocks do not actually collect and store fingerprints.Instead, it saves a mathematical representation of the employee's biometric data. When the biometric time clock scans a hand or finger during a supervised enrollment process, only an encrypted mat hematical representation of the fingerprint is stored. As a result, it's virtually impossible to duplicate the original image from that mathematical representation. Additionally, if employees question cleanliness, this concern should not be dismissed. Instead, you should assure employees that the time clocks finger zone is not a hot zone for germs.In fact, it will be touched far less frequently than restroom door handles, water cooler spigots, or chairs in the break room. Top Advantages of Fingerprint Authentication There are several ways an electronic time clock system can verity that somebody is who they say they are. Most systems are looking for one or more of the following: What you have What you know Who you are To get past a â€Å"what you have† system, you need some sort of â€Å"token,† such as an dentity card with a magnetic strip.A â€Å"what you know† system requires you to enter a password or PIN number. A â€Å"who you are† system is actually looking for physical evidence that you are who you say you are a specific fingerprint pattern. â€Å"Who you are† systems like Easy Clocking Fingerprint Time Clocks have a number of advantages over other systems. To name few: Fingerprints are much harder to fake than identity cards. You cant guess a fingerprint pattern like you can guess a password. You can't misplace your fingerprint, like you can misplace an access card. You can't forget your fingerprints like you can forget a password. Conclusion on Biometric & Workforce Management Biometrics has been used effectively for more than a decade for time and attendance and workforce management. Despite widespread use, confusion and misconceptions about the technology and its capabilities persist.These concerns are easily dispelled when the facts about biometrics are established. Biometrics offers unparalleled ability to quickly and accurately capture real-time, labor data and provide a nonrepudiated audit trail. Biometrics has undergone intense scrutiny and the results are in – when properly deployed, biometrics work well and are safe, secure, and accurate. Biometrics offers organizations a broader range of direct and indirect time, cost, and operational benefits than alternative time and attendance methods. Today over one hundred thousand thriving organizations rely on Easy Clockings time & attendance systems to automate their employee attendance and as a result they are seeing a significant reduction in direct and indirect labor costs.

Unit 333 Understand How to Safeguard the Well-Being of...

Learning Outcomes--- 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 3.2 and 5.2 may be referenced to your policies, procedures and legislation worksheets Assignment Consider the responsibilities and limits of learning support staff in ensuring the safety of children and young people in a school, in terms of: †¢ Supporting the ability of children and young people to be resilient, self confident and empowered to make informed choices 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 and 6.4 Explain what is meant by child protection in the wider concept of safeguarding children and young people. 1.2 | | |Safeguarding†¦show more content†¦| |As adults in positions of responsibility it is important to be aware of the importance of protecting children and young people from harm. While | |children are in school, we are taking over the responsibility from parents while they are in our care. This stems from health and safety to | |issues to those around safeguarding, including Internet safety and safety on school trips. | | | | | Explain the importance of a child or young person centred approach to safeguarding. 2.2 | | |The Child Centered Approach promotes the right of the child to choose, make connections and communicate. It allows freedom forShow MoreRelatedUnderstand the Main Legislation for Safeguarding Children and Young People1239 Words   |  5 PagesUnit 333 – Understand how to safeguard the wellbeing of children and young people. Outcome 1 – Understand the main legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures for safeguarding children and young people. The safe guarding of children has only been developed in the last 50 years. However it is a vital part of working with children. The legislations, guidelines and policies for safeguarding are updated all the time for the best interest of the children. 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